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Religious pluralism in India
India has a population of 1.2 billion people, 80% (960 million) Hindu, 15% (180 million) Muslim, 2.3% (936 million) Christian and the rest, 16.8 million , divided into Sikh, Buddhist, Jainism, and Zoroastrian religions (known as the religion of the Parsi community).
According to Dilipi Luondo, PhD in Indian Philosophy from the University of Mumbai (India) and Coordinator of the Nucleus of Studies in Religions and Philosophies of India (NERFI-CNPq.), there is not a Hindu religion but the terms that designate the religiosities that we call as are included within a broad general framework called Hinduism are extremely diverse and plural and when you address these religious practices in local contexts through vernacular languages the designations are different. The word Hinduism does not exist in the designation of India.
In the local context it is the word bharata and yet it has a whole connotation of narratives linked to a mythical historical narrative that has to do with the Mahabharata (The great history of mankind), the longest epic poem of all time and the cultural essence from India. The word Hinduism was somehow imposed on this civilization. Today, this is not a problem, but it is important to note that Hinduism, if we take the defining criteria of religions as a reference, is not a religion.
Indian literatures are religious in origin. It is thanks to the pantheistic religious poets, worshipers of the deities of the dawn, mountains and rivers, that the Vedas, the first literary texts, emerged. According to belief, Brahma himself wrote them. Its authors lived around 3,500 years ago in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
Sanskrit is an ancestral language of Nepal and India. Although it is a dead language, it is part of the set of twenty-three official languages of India, because it has important liturgical use in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
Categories of Indian religious literature
Shruti (that which is heard) – is a set of scriptures recognized as divinely inspired. Considered eternal, it is equivalent to revelation and unquestionable truth. It mainly refers to the Vedas themselves. The texts revealed include:
Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda; Atharvaveda; Brahmanas; Artha and Upanishads.
Smriti (recollection) – class of Hindu sacred literature based on human memory, distinct from the Vedas, which are considered shruti, or the product of divine revelation. Smriti literature elaborates, interprets and codifies Vedic thought. The texts include the important religious manuals known as:
Kalpa-sutras – rites of passage, rituals associated with important life events such as birth, marriage and death in the family, personal conduct, and proper duties in an individual's life;
Puranas – ancient texts praising various deities, most notably the divine Trimurti, through myths, legends, and divine stories;
Ramayana – Sanskrit epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and an important part of the Hindu canon.
Mahabharata which perhaps contains the most influential text in Hinduism, the Bhagavadgita.
Over time, the term smriti came to refer particularly to texts relating to law and social conduct, such as the celebrated book of laws, the Manu-smriti (Laws of Manu). The smriti is complementary and may change over time.
It is believed that shruti works were heard and transmitted by earthly sages, in contrast to smriti. It is important to note that the division between shruti and smriti is often disputed. It can be represented as a continuum, with some texts more authorized than others.
There are different opinions about the relative validity and importance of each. Some Hindus emphasize the fundamental importance of shruti, while others say that by making truths accessible, smriti is now more important. Belief in universal truth suggests to some Hindu thinkers that any teaching that corresponds to relevant knowledge can also be accepted as Veda. Therefore, there are numerous writings considered Vedic.
Word, Listening and Silence
Veda means knowing, knowledge. They are the sacred scriptures originating from the oral transmissions of enlightened people and placed in written form approximately 5,500 years ago. They are not just books, but universal truths about the soul, life, death, God, the Universe and the relationship between them.
It was believed to have arisen from infallible hearing (shruti), by ancient seers, from the sacred storehouse of words whose recitation and contemplation bring stability and well-being to both the natural and human worlds.
They are considered revealed because they trace a path of teachings for the benefit of the destiny of human beings. It is formed by the triad of Word, Listening and Silence, because only by fulfilling this order can the interior of the human being be able to understand the revelation that expands in everything there is to fulfill its path. The Hindu perceives revelation as an act of giving to receive and release, by giving, because good is exercised in correspondence. The content of the Vedic scripture is divided into three main sections:
Karma-kanda – refers to the section of the Vedas that lists the performance of rituals and sacrificial rites for material benefits or for liberation, performed by Brahmins in exchange for a dakshina (Offering or gift), usually to a guru or priest. To a large extent, it deals with ritual sacrifice aimed at pleasure (acceptance of the world);
Jnana-kanda – philosophical texts aimed at knowledge through renunciation (Denial of the world);
Upasana kanda – texts focusing on the worship of God and service to him (Accommodation and transcendence of the world).
They largely correspond to the three main paths:
Karma-yoga – integration by dedicating all actions and their fruits to the deity. It is the execution of the action in union with the divine part within, staying distanced from the results, and maintaining balance whether in the face of success or failure.
Jnana-yoga (Path of wisdom) – a form of yoga known also for the use of knowledge, that is, for a pre-existing and immutable truth, to attain wisdom and study.
Bhakti-yoga – also called bhakti marga and devotional yoga, is one of the branches of yoga and vedanta that leads to divine communion through devotion. In this devotion, the bhakta usually starts his process by considering the object of worship apart, as a God or Absolute, in a higher plane or "heaven".
The four traditional stages of the Vedas
First phase – began with hymns, chants, incantations and other compositions in an early form of Sanskrit. The hymns in particular were largely directed to transcendent powers. These powers, individually or in groups, were believed to exercise control over the world through cosmic forces. In this early phase of the Vedas, there is reference to Ekam (One), the one who sustains all beings.
Second phase – Vedic text called the Brahmaṇas, concerns the sacrificial ritual (yajna) that is at the heart of the Vedic religion. It was by the proper performance and recitation of this ritual that order and stability were established in the world.
Third phase – these are the Araṇyakas (Forest texts), which represented a meditative withdrawal from the external performance of the Vedic sacrificial ritual. A tendency developed among some to place sacrifice within the inner self (atman), which came to be perceived as spiritual and distinct from the body and other forms of matter.
Fourth phase – the Upaniṣads. In some passages of the Upaniṣads, Ekam, mentioned in the first phase of the Veda and now known as Brahman, was identified as a unique, above personal, and indivisible spiritual Being, sustaining all changes and differences in the world. In other passages, Ekam was given a more personal and divine status as Isvara (God), distinct from but sustaining the existence of individual “selves” and the rest of finite being.
The four holy books of the Vedas
The basis of Hinduism is the so-called four holy books of the Vedas. The knowledge that gave rise to these books possibly came through oral tradition and perhaps even through painting. In the tenth century, they were compiled by various scholars and religious. According to legend, they would have been organized by Vyasa, a sage who would be the incarnation of Vishnu, the god who in all the cycles of creation and destruction of the Universe elaborates the scriptures in these four books to guarantee that the Chants spread and become eternal.
Each of the four Vedas is assigned a specific Hindu priest; Hota for Rigveda, Udgata for Samaveda, Adhvaryu for Yajurveda, and Brahman for Atharvaveda.
Rigveda – mantra book
Also called the Book of Hymns, it is an ancient Hindu collection (1200 to 1000 B.C.) of hymns in Vedic Sanskrit. It is the First Veda and the most important because all the others are derived from it. It consists of 1,119 hymns or Chandas. It was used to celebrate domestic services and hymns that were sung at specific times. From it, powerful ideas emerge, such as the existence of an order in the Universe, on the physical (rita) and moral (dharma) levels, and the need for sacrifices to preserve it.
A complex liturgy, which oversees the caste of priests (Brahmins), helps in this task by controlling the Brahman, the cosmic energy, the principle of all things and on which all events in the world depend. Man's wrong decision is not seen as a sin, but as a moral damage, a violation of peace and harmony, existing a dark underworld, where the Triad will be silenced, causing anguish, and taking it out of reflection.
It is up to man to purify his atman (this I, the soul), to identify himself with this eternal reality, through successive reincarnations, which define and direct karma by a line or rule. Atman is the highest human principle, the Divine Essence, formless and indivisible.
An ardent summons to this spiritual ascension is found in the Bhagavadgita (Song of the Blessed), the most famous holy book of Hinduism, which in turn is just an episode of the Mahabharata (Great India, The great history of humanity), an enormous text epic of 250,000 verses.
This core of ideas, where ritual practices are despised and where individual salvation consists of abandoning the ego and diving into a Universal Essence, forms the basis of Jainism and Buddhism. These religious and philosophical traditions were later grouped under the umbrella of Hinduism.
Samaveda - songbook
The Samaveda is purely a liturgical collection of melodies (saman). They exalt music, for being considered the one that unifies creation and for being a primordial quality of the creator god. The hymns in the Samaveda were completely taken from the Rigveda. Consequently, its text is a shortened version of the Rigveda. As the Vedic scholar David Frawley says, if Rigveda is the Word, Samaveda is the song or meaning, if Rigveda is knowledge, Samaveda is its realization, if Rigveda is the wife, the Samaveda is her husband.
Yajurveda – book of rituals
It is the third of the four Vedas believed to have been composed during the Vedic Period between 1500 BC and 500 BC, along with the other Vedas. At the heart of the Vedic tradition is a system of sacrifices, each of which depends on the invocations of specific deities. The Yajurveda prescribes these rituals, which are performed along with the melodic chants of the Samaveda. The name is derived from the Sanskrit roots, yajus (worship or sacrifice) and Veda, (knowledge), it is sometimes translated as Knowledge of Sacrifice.
The text describes how religious rituals and sacred ceremonies are to be performed. It is primarily intended for Hindu priests. Mantras within Yajurveda are used during religious rituals such as those before the yajna fire and are most recited by the Adhvaryu who presides over the physical details of a sacrifice.
Atharvaveda – book of spells
The last of the Vedas, it is completely different from the other three and is close in importance to the Rigveda with respect to history and sociology. A different spirit penetrates this Veda. Its hymns are of a more diverse character than in the Rigveda and it is also simpler in language. In fact, many scholars do not really consider it to be part of the Vedas.
The Atharvaveda consists of spells and incantations prevalent at that time, and it portrays a clearer picture of Vedic society. Its name comes from atravanes, priests who presided over the sacrifices. This literature marks the fall of the religious sense with spiritual visions and gives way to necromancy, supposed prediction of the future through communication with the spirit of the dead.
Other texts
Ramayana – Sanskrit epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and an important part of the Hindu canon. The name Ramayana is a compound of Rama and ayana (going and advancing), which translates as Rama's journey. In 24,000 verses and seven chants (kaṇḍas) it tells the story of Prince Rama of Aiodia, whose wife Sita is abducted by the Rākshasa (demon) king of Lanka, Ravana.
Harivamsa – important work of Sanskrit literature, containing 16,374 shlokas – verses of thirty-two syllables, derived from the Vedic meter anustubh, used in many other works of classical sanskrit literature. The text is also known as Harivamsa Purana.
Vedangas
The correct execution of the Vedic sacrificial ritual was considered so important for ordering relations between humans and the world in the initial stages of Hinduism that it gave rise to another set of texts called the Vedangas (members of the Veda).
The Vedangas were in unusual ways concerned with the cadence, origin, meaning and proper articulation of the Vedic terms used for the ritual, the proper times for performing the ritual, and so on. These texts protected and nourished the body that was the Veda. There are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas:
Shiksha – phonetics and phonology
Chandas – metric
Vyakarana – grammar
Nirukta – etymology
Jyotisha – astrology and astronomy
Kalpa – ritual
Other smṛti compositions have also developed since the beginning of the Common Era in conjunction with the Vedic canon. Important among them were texts that codified dharma, a central and developing concept of Hinduism. It deals with the correct order among the different strata and birth groups of Hindu society and its male and female members. These texts, through their prescriptions and prohibitions, were believed to elaborate the social implementation of the Vedic order.
Goodness appears again as the principle of a three-headed god, represented by fire, a father god, friend, and benefactor. Again, the triad is glimpsed in the characteristics of divinity where the Word is the father, Listening is the friend, and Silence, the beneficent attitude. The text dedicated to the Supreme Soul exalts love as a principle (Word), leaving good as a point of support, becoming what Listens, the Silence of the invisible becoming the principle.
In the text To all the gods, the three heads of Agni, and the three steps of Vishnu, with which he surrounds the Universe and takes care of the Trimurti – a set formed by the three main gods of Hinduism (Brama, the creator, Vishnu, the preserver , and Shiva, the destroyer), considered by some sects and Indian authors as manifestations or qualities of a single absolute god or primordial reality. They become the symbol that gives meaning to the triad, thus marking the construction of the world, but at the same time it is destroyed, that is, using the Word as a weapon, listening to it as a judgment and Silence as what is silent is destroyed, hence the sense that Vishnu is watching that the Trimurti is not devastated (or distorted).
What is the Mahabharata?
The Mahabharata (The great history of humanity) and the Ramayana (The Coming of Rama). Both compositions were originally compiled in Sanskrit verse over several hundred years, beginning in the middle of the first millennium B.C.
The origin of the Mahabharata is between the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C., and the final form probably originated in the fourth century. Scholars believe that the events described in this book took place between 1000 and 900 B.C., but some recent archaeological discoveries suggest earlier dates, between 2000 and 1500 B.C..
Written over several centuries, particularly in the fifth century B.C., in eighteen books, the Mahabharata tells the story of the rivalry between two groups of warring cousins, the Pandavas and the Kauravas. It is important to recognize the sensitive personality of the characters, who sympathize with humanity; its problems are due to human weaknesses related to the materiality, particularly the power, of the throne.
The Mahabharata has been called the Fifth Veda in many Hindu circles, in the belief that it cumulatively teaches, in the most accessible form, the essential truths of the Veda.
Tri-Vargas - the three goals of human life
Dharma, that which keeps high. The life mission.
Artha, or economic development;
Kama, or sensory enjoyment;
This is how the path of tri-Varga, or ordinary goals of worldly existence, is formed: dharma generate artha that buys Kama. According to Hindu sages, those who follow such goals only reap fruit in samsara, the eternal cycle of birth and death.
In addition to these goals, the Mahabharata also brings moksha, which is liberation from the tri-Varga cycle and the exit from samsara, or the cycle of births and deaths. In summary, the book brings knowledge of the nature of the "I" and the eternal relationship with all creation and that which transcends it.
The Mahabharata tells the story of the Pandava and Kaurava princes, who were all cousins, but at a certain point, out of anger and envy, they went to war. At the very beginning of the war, a dialogue takes place between Arjuna (who led the Pandavas) and Krishna. This conversation is what is described in the Bhagavadgita.
What is the Bhagavadgita?
The Bhagavadgita (Song of the Blessed or The Song of God), with seven hundred verses, is one of the most important books of Vedic literature and the sixth book of the Indian epic poem Mahabharata. Contains religious and philosophical teachings based on symbols and belief in Krishna (as Supreme Being).
Contrary to texts like the Upanishads, where everything is governed by illusion or maya, he emphasizes the importance of sharing the world because, from this, good will reveal itself as truth, especially when dharma or fate is listened to, which it is unnecessary to take the Word, and that the human being listens and lives in Silence, that is, that each act reflects and assimilates it as part of the encounter with wisdom. However, it is only found when the body allows the soul to develop in its human history so that destiny, or spiritual history, can be fulfilled, hence the value of karma.
As already mentioned, the Pandavas were led by Arjuna, who had in history a chariot driven by Krishna. Symbolically this represents the seeker being guided by knowledge. The Kauravas, on the other hand, were led by Duryodhana, considered an “adharmic” man, with distorted values, who did evil to people. It is like the war is between the good guys and the bad guys.
On his way to battle, Arjuna asks Krishna to stop the chariot between the two armies. He sees his relatives and friends in the opposing army and feels that he cannot fight. Regardless of if he won or lost there would be heartache and sadness in the end. Arjuna then asks Krishna for knowledge, a wisdom to know how to proceed.
Who is Krishna?
He is a personified god of Hinduism, representative of the manifestations of the Supreme God in the world, according to Hindu tradition. It also means absolute truth. According to Hindus, Krishna is the eighth avatar of Vishnu, that is, he is considered a God, the Supreme Personality.
Avatar is a bodily manifestation of an immortal being according to the Hindu religion, sometimes even of the Supreme Being. It derives from the Sanskrit Avatara, meaning "descent", usually denoting one of Vishnu's incarnations (such as Krishna), whom many Hindus revere as a deity. Many non-Hindus, by extension, use the term to denote the incarnations of deities in other religions.
Hare Krishna practitioners achieve spiritual enlightenment by chanting the Hare Krishna mantra. Mantras are a kind of mystical poem chanted many times with the help of meditation. Krishna is the name of God in Sanskrit. Hare Krishna means "the energy of God".
The internal war of the human being
The teaching marks the necessary spiritual struggle in any human being, where it is exalted that the passivity of the body before its Spirit does not benefit it. The human being needs to sustain an internal war to strengthen himself. Approaching the inner gods is related to Silence, where the word is heard. Only in this very war will humanity be satisfied with its gods and vice versa.
The abode of good
Another transcendental point is the importance given to the heart as an organ, as the abode of goodness, primordial essence, as has already been said, only those who manage to see the other as a natural part of what is in the heart themselves will inhabit, because only those who contemplate the other within you, you can have God as ruler of your house.
The sacredness of death is extolled where it should be honored, "women must go out to look for the bodies of their men in war". The body needs the kindness, the Words and the Silence of the one who cries out for it, because in that moment everything becomes one, nature dresses itself in what is contained in the other, in tears, it is the water that runs down the cheeks that unites life with death.
Kindness and love
The original essence is goodness because it is pure, while love is deceitful because it is an illusion. Kindness leads to mercy showing parts of the truth. Love, on the contrary, perceives what it needs to feed itself. It distorts the meaning of words, and Silence because it does not listen, but creates.
Upanishads
Upanishads are part of the Hindu shruti scriptures, which discuss religion, and which are considered by most schools of Hinduism as religious instructions.
There is no clear translation of this term, but it is used to designate someone who sits close to a teacher to listen to him. They are the following:
Isha, Kena, Katha, Prasna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka.
Together they form, and probably always will, the main object of attention for all who know the Hindu religion.
They are part of the Hindu shruti scriptures, which discuss religion, and which are considered by most schools of Hinduism to be religious instructions. They also contain transcripts of various spiritual debates. Twelve of its 123 books are considered basic by all Hindus.
Brahmanism and theosophy
Theosophy – refers to a set of philosophical, mystical, occult, and speculative doctrines that seek direct knowledge of the presumed mysteries of life and nature, divinity, and the origin and purpose of the universe.
Brahmanism – ancient Indian religious philosophy that formed the backbone of that civilization's culture for millennia. It extends from the middle of the second millennium B.C. to the beginning of the Christian era. It persists in a modified form and is currently called Hinduism.
Brahman – masculine and neutral form of brahma, is a concept of Hinduism, like the concept of absolute present in other religions. The term designates the divine, non-personalized and neutral principle of Brahmanism and theosophy. Not to be confused with brama (no h), which, together with Vishnu and Shiva, forms the classical Hindu trinity.
In theosophy, Brahman is the "Absolute", the "Divine and Infinite Spirit" which emanates at the beginning of a new cycle of manifestation, the Mahamanvantara, an expression used in theosophy to designate the period of activity of the cosmos, lasting the equivalent of 72,000 manvantaras, a total of 311,040,000,000,000 years). Therefore, it is the origin and root of all consciousness that evolves in this world. For Hinduism, this evolution occurs through metempsychosis (reincarnation), a cyclical movement through which the same spirit, after the death of the old body in which it inhabited, returns to material existence, successively animating the physical structure of plants, animals, or human beings.
Trimurti, the main trinity in religion
Set formed by the three main gods of Hinduism, Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the preserver and Shiva, the destroyer, considered by some Indian sects and authors as manifestations or qualities of a single absolute god or primordial reality.
Brahma – first god of the Trimurti, considered the creator of the Universe, the gods, nature, consciousness, and human thought. He is represented with four heads and four arms and appears seated on a swan. He has four heads because, when creating Sarasvati, the goddess of knowledge, she ran everywhere, trying to escape Brahma's eyes and for each side she ran, a head was born, which means all directions of knowledge. He is also the god of music and songs.
Vishnu (Scattered or worker) – one of the main gods of Hinduism, responsible for sustaining the Universe. In the two most common representations, he appears floating on the waves on the back of a serpent god called Shesh Nag, or floating on the waves with his four arms, each hand holding one of his divine attributes: a shell, a disc of energy, a lotus and a staff.
Shiva or Mahadeva (beneficial, the one who does good) – one of the supreme gods of Hinduism, also known as "the destroyer and regenerator" of vital energy. He also created Yoga, due to its power to generate physical and emotional transformations in those who practice the activity. The serpent that is around his neck represents the domain of death, in addition to symbolizing kundalini, an energy present in the spine. When awakened, he can align the chakras.
Vishnu's power and faith in Shiva
These texts divide between those who extol the power of Vishnu and those who have unalterable faith in Shiva. Its date as an oral tradition is set at the year 1000 B.C., but it is recorded in writing from the eighth century to 500 B.C.. Femininity stands out in the power of the goddesses and where sexual desire is the basis for the development of the spirit.
The richness of these texts is manifested in the spirituality marked in the spaces, that is, each word leaves a response in the unconscious, perhaps the expected one. They teach to listen with the soul through the symbology of life. When this dialectic meets the whole, liberation or Moksha comes when karma meets knowledge.
Who is the true sage, the one who shouts knowledge or the one who is silent? It is shown that those who have an excess of words are because they have not found the necessary wisdom to pronounce the precise ones, because the others spread it out in listening, and others revealed knowledge in Silence.
The Puranas
The Puranas narrate the legend of the gods and the birth of Creation. Its mythological style marks its religious doctrine from poetry, with Brahma and Vishnu as gods. Eighteen Puranas are known, including those that narrate the myth of the first man called Purusha, who created the world from his organic matter.
In these texts we find questions about our essence, about what surrounds us. We are questioned about the true abode of instincts, where they live and emotions until we assimilate them into experience. We are also asked what to do without the existence of gods.
What would human beings be without them? But at the same time, we are informed of Krishna and Rada's betrayal: by falling in love with Viraja. Angry, Rama, expels this god from his chambers, but the god Daman, angered by this act, condemns her to be mortal.
On this narrative journey, the Puranas teach us the triad of destructive vision, what the Word does when it does not listen to Silence. Despite this, hope is restored in the goodness so important in Hinduism, because whatever is destroyed is reincorporated with greater essence and knowledge. They teach us that whatever the order, destiny seeks a way to fulfill it.
Vedanga and Vedanta
Sutra (sewing) – enigmatic literary style, far from the essence of Vedic literature, but related to it. It is Silence that dominates knowledge. It has been considered as Vedanga. Metaphorically, it refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms gathered in a manual or even a longer teaching, in prose. Themes of state are developed in them, about the essence of man and his sexuality, with Sutra being the greatest Kama (God of love and desire). They are divided into adyayas (chapters) and padas (subchapters).
Its teachings speak of the destiny of the soul, impregnated with material elements that will serve the spirit to obtain greater knowledge for the moment of reincarnation. It is a primarily religious teaching in textual form, originating from the spiritual traditions of India, particularly Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
Tantra or tantrism – refers to the esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism that jointly developed in the mid-first millennium A.D. " system of wide application.
Although we could say that tantra is superior to sutra in countless ways, they can be summarized in three aspects:
1. Tantra has many methods,
2. It does not need the time and trouble of the sutra path,
3. is directed to those of higher faculties.
Ramayana
Consisting of five hundred chapters and twenty-four thousand verses. It is a work of several authors from the 10th century B.C. The main god is Vishnu (he encompasses the Universe with three steps, the conservative god of the triad) since his incarnation with Rama (Belonging to the Aryans). It narrates loneliness in the face of death, life as a fortress of old age, where it is intended that the child is the one who guards and protects the parents, a symbol of wisdom. Faced with this, fate loses its words and drafts a different story.
Here the baton is not carried by the Word, but by Silence, therefore, everything must be heard from the point of view of contemplation. The word becomes the voice of desire, yearning, gift of the gods who listen to it, the demons, and the impediment of good.
Aranyaka or Forest Texts
They are texts used by hermits, hence their name. Its words induce mysticism and give special attention to ceremonies. The symbology used by the priests denotes a mythological mixture with the process and meaning that the Brahmins attribute to rituals and rely on the contemplation of the Upanishads.
These texts lead to reflection and approximation of nature and living beings, not externally, but assimilating them with body parts and emotions. Thus, they make us understand that we are brief portions of the Universe, that we carry within ourselves all the action of the universal act, leaving in us the sense of non-action that returns us to the original essence. Silence, in the Aranyaka, reveals itself as the essence of everything that seeks to be heard in non-action to be action in the Word.
In conclusion, the sacredness of Indian literature based on the triad Word, Listen, Silence, is directed especially towards the fulfillment of destiny, which cannot be achieved if this triad is not particularly preached in the heart. Humanity needs to experience this meeting within itself as a continuous battle, which is why the battle is so important in Indian literature, because it is through it that the primordial essence, that is, the good, will not find its wisdom in reason, nor in the love, but in the encounter with the breath of the heart.
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